Flavonoids are compounds that consists of 15 carbon atoms that are scattered in the plant world. More than 2000 flavonoids derived from plants have been identified, but there are three general groups studied, namely anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavones. Anthocyanins (from Greek anthos, flower and kyanos, dark blue) are generally colored pigment found in red flowers, purple, and blue. These pigments are also present in many other parts of the plant, for example, certain fruit , stems, leaves and even roots. Flavnoid often found in epidermal cells. Most of the flavonoids terhimpn in plant cell vacuoles synthesis although there are places outside the vacuole.
Anthocyanins and other flavonoids attracted many geneticists because it is possible to connect the morphological differences between closely related species in the same genus as the type of flavonoids it contains. Flavonoids are found in related species within a genus provide information for experts taxonomy for megelompokkan and determine the evolution of the plant lines. Especially the blue wavelength of light increases the formation of flavonoids and flavonoid improve crop resistance to UV radiation. Quercetin and myricetin, a type of flavonoid that protects Caco-2 cells were found in the digestive tract of a double chain of DNA oxidation and antioxidant properties that protect from oxidative stress kolonosit
as we know flovanoid compounds present in plants. how the process of biosynthesis in nature? Actually i still confused about it, please tell me your opinion Guys, Thanks
BalasHapusBiosynthesis
HapusFunctions of flavonoids in plants
Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants fulfilling many functions.
Flavonoids are the most important plant pigments for flower coloration producing yellow or red/blue pigmentation in petals designed to attract pollinator animals.
In higher plants, Flavonoids are involved in UV filtration, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and floral pigmentation.
They may act as a chemical messenger or physiological regulator, they can also act as cell cycle inhibitors.
Flavonoids secreted by the root of their host plant help Rhizobia in the infection stage of their symbiotic relationship with legumes like peas, beans, clover, and soy. Rhizobia living in soil are able to sense the flavonoids and this triggers the secretion of Nod factors, which in turn are recognized by the host plant and can lead to root hair deformation and several cellular responses such as ion fluxes and the formation of a root nodule.
In addition, some flavonoids have inhibitory activity against organisms that cause plant disease e.g. Fusarium oxysporum
we know that flavonoids act as antioxidants.
BalasHapushow flavonoids can act as antioxidants?
i get an article about Flavonoids as Antioxidants...you can read this article frend,,
HapusFlavonoids can act as antioxidants and work to neutralize free radicals and thereby minimize the effects of damage to cells and tissues.
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules and unstable due to have lost an electron.
To stabilize themselves, free radicals and the electrons needed to achieve this goal then oxidizes the body's healthy cells, causing damage.
Free radicals are mainly produced as a byproduct in many biochemical processes in the body.
Some free radicals enter the body from the external environment such as cigarette smoke, alcohol, electromagnetic radiation, through exposure to sunlight, consumption of processed foods, air pollution, etc..
Even stress can produce high levels of free radicals in the body.
Flavonoids as antioxidants to help neutralize free radicals and stabilize so that no further damage cells and tissues healthy.
In turn, flavonoids provide protection against a number of diseases including cancer, heart disease, diabetes, tumors, etc..
Flavonoids also help prevent atherosclerosis or a disease characterized by the deposition of fat in the walls of arteries.
Deposition and thereby narrow the arteries block blood flow to the body's vital organs like the heart and brain.
Flavonoids are also known to have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-virus.
These antioxidants may reduce the risk of arthritis, osteoporosis, allergies and viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus, parainfluenza virus, and adenovirus.
Flavonoids can reduce platelet clumping associated with diseases such as atherosclerosis and acute platelet thrombus formation.
Some studies also revealed that flavonoids such as quercetin and epicatechin have antidiarrheal effects.
Flavonoids are also believed to increase the body's natural immune response against allergens and carcinogens.
natural antioxidants
HapusNatural antioxidants are usually more desirable, because the level of better security and benefits the wider field of food, health and cosmetics. Natural antioxidants can be found in vegetables, fruits, and woody plants. Secondary metabolites in plants derived from group alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, tannins, steroids / triterpenoid.Quezada et al. states that the fraction of alkaloids in the leaves "Peumus boldus" can act as antioksidan.Zin "et al". suggest that this class of compounds active as an antioxidant in the stems, fruits, and leaves derived from the flavonoid noni. Ginseng which acts as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihepatitis, antistress, and antineoplastic, contain saponin glycosides (steroidal glycosides). Antioxidant activity assays performed on leaves "Ipomea pescaprae" indicates the presence of quinone compound, coumarin, and furanokumarin. Tannins in tea are widely believed to have antioxidant activity tinggi.Sementara it, Iwalokum "et al". States that "Pleurotus ostreatus" which contains triterpenoids, tannins, and sterois glycosides may act as an antioxidant and antimikrob.
hi lina,,How flavonoid compounds may attract animals to pollinate flowers?
BalasHapusas we know that the compounds are flavonoids, including the important pigment in plants. Orange, red, blue and purple flowers and fruit are generally caused by flavonoids. Color of the flowers is one of the factors that attract bees, butterflies, birds and other animals to pollinate.
and How flavonoid structure that causes the resulting color different? please explain.. thx ^_^
thanks for your question chitra
Hapusi will try to answer
Flavonoids are a group that belongs to the highest phenolic compounds in nature, this flavonoid compounds responsible for the dye purple, red, blue and some yellow pigment in plants.
Based on the structure of flavonoid compounds derived parent compound "flavones" that is the name of the largest type of flavonoid commonly found in number and that there is a form of white flour in plants Primula. Most of the flavonoid
contained in plant sugar molecules bound as glycosides, and in the form of a mixture, it is rarely encountered in the form of a single compound. Besides, it is often found that a mixture composed of different flavonoid classes.
Flavonoids in plants has four functions:
a). As the pigment color
b). Function pathology and cytology
c). Pharmacological activity
Ascribed routine (flavonol glycosides) that are used to strengthen the capillary array, decrease vascular permeability and fragility, etc.
According to Fessenden (1986) suggest that flavonoids can be used as a drug because it has a wide - range of bioactivity such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifertilitas, antiviral, antidiabetic, antidepressant, diuretic
etc.. Certain flavonoids are the active components of plants that are used traditionally to treat liver dysfunction, silimirin of silybum marianum is used to protect the liver cell membrane and inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, inhibition of the reaction hidroglisis on mikosom. Flavonoids in the diet can decrease platelet aggregation and reduce blood clotting. In the skin, flavonoids inhibit bleeding.
Other uses of flavonoids among others, the first of the plants, namely as a plant growth regulator, regulator photosynthesis, antimicrobial and antiviral work. Secondly, the man, named as antibiotics to cancer and kidney, inhibit bleeding. Third, to insects, namely as an attraction for pollinating.
Flavoniod have the typical properties of very pungent smell, mostly a yellow pigment, soluble in water and organic solvents, easily decompose at high temperatures. In higher plants, flavonoids present in the vegetative and floral parts. As the flower pigments, flavonoids play a role in attracting birds and insects pollinating flowers.